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Heart/Performance/Weight

Betaine

Methyl donor compound that lowers homocysteine and may modestly support liver and exercise markers in adults.

Betaine

Betaine

57
score
B
evidence
Caution
risk
Quick Take

Mostly worth considering for elevated homocysteine; outside that, benefits are modest and fairly niche.

Betaine, usually sold as trimethylglycine (TMG), is a naturally occurring methyl-donor compound found in beets, spinach, wheat bran, quinoa, and shellfish. It helps recycle homocysteine back to methionine and also acts as a cell osmolyte. The best-supported use is lowering homocysteine, while evidence for exercise performance, body composition, and liver markers is weaker. It tends to help adults with elevated homocysteine or low methyl-donor intake most.

Proven Benefits

01
Lowers homocysteine
02
May improve power output
03
May improve body composition
04
May improve liver fat markers

Protocol

Amount
1.5-3 g
Frequency
Once daily or split into 2 doses
When
With meals to reduce GI upset; consistency matters more than timing.

Onset Time

2-4 weeks for homocysteine; 2-6 weeks for exercise effects

Who Should Consider

Adults with elevated homocysteine
People with low folate or B12 intake
Adults eating low-plant, high-methionine diets
Resistance trainers seeking a small edge
Adults with fatty liver under clinician guidance

Food Sources

  • Wheat bran or wheat germ (~200-500 mg per serving)
  • Cooked spinach (~300-600 mg per cup)
  • Beets (~100-200 mg per cup)
  • Cooked quinoa (~100-200 mg per cup)
  • Shrimp or shellfish (~100-200 mg per 100 g)

How It Works

Betaine donates a methyl group through the BHMT pathway, converting homocysteine to methionine and supporting methylation reactions. It also acts as an osmolyte, helping cells maintain fluid balance under metabolic stress.

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